12^th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Research October 17-18, 2018 Seoul, South Korea

Pharmacotherapy also known as drug therapy is the use of medical therapies (Surgical, Chemotherapy, Physical therapy, Radiation therapy) to treat disease. Drugs interact with receptors or enzymes present in cells, which promote healthy functioning and shave or cure illness. Drug Safety refers to the pharmacological science that ensures safety and is related to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse drug effects with pharmaceutical products. Safety monitoring in clinical trials involves the collection of adverse events, laboratory investigations including the planning, execution, data analysis and reporting of the safety information and details of the clinical examination of patients.

Action of Drugs also known Pharmacodynamics. It refers to the study of Drugs, its biochemical, physiologic effects, the mechanisms and its action on the body or on microorganisms and other parasites within or on the body. It deals with drug action, which is the initial consequence of a drug-receptor interaction, and drug effect, which refers to the subsequent effects. The drug action of digoxin, for example: The inhibition of membrane Na+/K+-ATPase; the drug effect is augmentation of cardiac contractility. In this example, the clinical response may comprise of improved exercise tolerance.

Clinical research  is the branch of science that involves the use of various medications, clinical therapeutics, medical and clinical devices, equipment and medical products for diagnosis and treatment of human disorders, diseases and patient safety.

Clinical trials describe the distinct procedures followed in development of new drugs. These are the characteristic studies intended for the treatment of behavioural symptoms among the medical intervention and a health outcome. Clinical trials comprise patient data, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, epidemiology, clinical medicine, preclinical and clinical pharmacology, immunology, toxicological studies. Clinical trials consist of experimental clinical trials scrutinizes the new treatment replacing the placebo or existing alternative treatments and  safety methodology using data from observation of patients treated in clinical. Clinical data is the key feature translating basic research into medical care. The perfect conclusion of clinical trials is minimize risks, extend benefits and optimal use of an intervention of therapeutic drugs

Pharmacology  is the study of interaction between substances with living organisms to produce a change in function. It deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals that show biological effects and the illumination of cellular and organism function in relation to these chemicals. If substances have medicinal properties, they are defined as pharmaceuticals. The Pharmacology encompasses mechanisms of drug action, drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapies, medical applications, and anti pathogenic capabilities.

Pharmacoepidemiology is an extensive area of science which involves uses and effects of drugs in larger arena of population. Pharmacoepidemiology is a bridge of science which connects both pharmacology and epidemiology enhancing the informative study on topics apparently related to Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse drug reactions, Public health, Epidemiologic methods, Medication adherence and Drug safety, Pharmacovigilance, effects of genetic variation on drug effect, duration-response relationships, clinical effects of drug-drug interactions. This topic serves as a best way for Researchers to express their findings as research presentations on an array of Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. Public health describes “the science and art of preventing disease, lengthening life and further human health through methodized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis .The focus of public health intercession is to promote health and quality of life through obstruction and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. This is done through supervision of cases and health indicators, and through advancement of healthy behaviours.

Genetic epidemiology refers to “the role of genetic factors and genetic variations for determining health, disease in families and in populations and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors. Genetic epidemiology seeks to derive a statistical and quantitative analysis of how genetics work in huge groups.

Pharma compounds which were developed in the olden days were discovered and developed either by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. But the advancements in the science and technology has made the job easier by controlling them at molecular and physiological level. During the phase of drug discovery main reason for the disease is identified and the possible pharmacological molecules are discovered. Later effect of that molecule on animals, humans is tested and if further improvements to be made, are performed. This involves many steps like identifying the reason for disease, lead identification, lead development, lead optimization, testing, and marketing.

Databases contain professional assessment of the potential of drugs and permit the risk- profit analysis of medicinal products taking under consideration new and emerging information, within the context of additive data. These databases offer programming of alerts for fast cases, follow-up cases and reports submission to fulfil regulative timeline compliance. Data sources of pharmacoepidemiological databases are CPRD (Clinical Practice Research Data link), IMS Health Disease Analyser databases, PHARMO, Vigibase and Eudravigilance. Pharmacoepidemiology research studies may involve either data collected prospectively for the purpose of the particular study i.e. primary data, or data that were already collected for another purpose – as part of administrative records or patient health care , which is called secondary data.

Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists and is the order of drug store which includes adding to the expert parts of drug specialists. It includes Disease-state management, Clinical drug interventions, Pharmacy professional development and pharmaceutical care, pharmaceutical compounding and health psychology, patient care, drug abuse prevention, prevention of drug interactions or minimisation of adverse events and drug incompatibility and community pharmacy.

Pharmacovigilance plays a key role in all phases of clinical trials, including the planning, execution, data analysis and reporting of safety information and also bears an important responsibility for the expedited reporting of individual cases and safety updates required for regulatory authorities. The concept of Pharmacovigilance and its Significance enhances the impact of healthcare management on patient welfare and public health. Pharmacovigilance legislation gives an outlook on the rules and regulations to follow in Pharmacovigilance practice. The Role of Pharma industries in the improvement of Pharmacovigilance system is very crucial to maintain the safety data, detection and evaluation of drug safety signals through manual and medical devices reporting. Pharmacovigilance scope also deals as Eco Pharmacovigilance (EPV), Pharmacoenvironmentology and Pharmacovigilance in herbal medicines. In addition, data from observational epidemiological studies are playing an increasingly important role.

Pharma Risk Management was designed as a set of Pharmacovigilance activities and interventions designed to identify, characterise, prevent or minimise risks of medicinal and therapeutic products including the assessment of the effectiveness of their clinical reactions, interventions and combination therapies. Drug industry need to promote companies in Pharmacovigilance practice to use information technology and provide efficient software to implement the risk minimisation plans in drug development and manufacture. Pharmaceutical risk management monitors unlicensed, off labels and orphan drugs ,risk management labelling, regulatory decisions, legal protection, intellectual property, enforcement, marketing, and company reputation.

Regulatory affairs is developed to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of medical devices and pharmaceutical drug products in areas including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, cosmetics and complementary medicines. Regulatory affairs (RA), also called government affairs, are a profession within regulated industries, such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, energy, banking, telecom etc.